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Trust & Transparency

Sources & research library

The books, scholarship, and data behind Wise With Gold. Our historical and analytical writing draws on the literature below; our charts and tools are built from named, citable datasets. We believe you should be able to see our work.

48Foundational works
289Sources in the library
14Live data sources
8Fields of study

This library is the literature our editorial is grounded in — not a claim that every sentence is footnoted to it. Where a specific figure matters, we cite it with an “as of” date and link the primary source inline. The named datasets behind our charts, calculators, and country profiles are listed below, and each interactive tool carries its own methodology page documenting its exact data, assumptions, and caveats.

The core

Foundational works

The 48 books and studies our coverage leans on most — the seminal histories of money and the gold standard, the landmark investing and reserve studies, and the standard references on the science of gold.

Monetary History & the Gold Standard

  • Bordo, Michael, and Anna Schwartz A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1921-1931 1984

    A major NBER conference volume gathering foundational scholarship on how the classical gold standard operated and broke down between the wars.

  • Davies, Glyn A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day 1995

    A comprehensive single-volume survey of money's history from antiquity to the modern era, widely cited as a standard reference.

  • Eichengreen, Barry Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System 1996

    A widely used concise history of the international monetary system from the gold standard through Bretton Woods to floating rates.

  • Eichengreen, Barry Golden Fetters 1992

    A landmark study arguing that adherence to the gold standard transmitted and deepened the Great Depression across countries.

  • Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 1963

    A monumental study of U.S. monetary history, famous for arguing that Federal Reserve policy failures turned the 1929 downturn into the Great Depression.

  • Jastram, Roy W., and Jill Leyland The Golden Constant: The English and American Experience 1560-2007 2009

    The landmark study demonstrating gold's long-run preservation of purchasing power across four centuries of English and American history.

  • Jevons, W. Stanley. Money and the Mechanism of Exchange 1876

    A foundational 19th-century treatise on the nature and functions of money that helped shape classical monetary economics.

  • Keynes, John Maynard. A Tract on Monetary Reform 1923

    Keynes's influential critique of the gold standard, which he memorably called a 'barbarous relic,' arguing for managed currency and price stability.

  • Meltzer, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1, 1913–1951 2003

    Meltzer's authoritative multi-volume institutional history of the Federal Reserve, a standard reference on U.S. monetary policy in the gold-standard and Bretton Woods eras.

  • Rueff, Jacques The Monetary Sin of the West 1972

    Rueff's critique of the gold-exchange standard and the dollar's reserve role, a key statement of the case for a return to gold.

  • Steil, Benn The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order 2013

    The definitive narrative history of the 1944 Bretton Woods conference that built the postwar dollar-gold monetary order.

  • Triffin, Robert Gold and the Dollar Crisis 1960

    The work that articulated the 'Triffin dilemma,' exposing the structural contradiction in the Bretton Woods dollar-gold system.

Central Banks, Reserves & the Dollar

  • Green, Timothy. Central Bank Gold Reserves: An Historical Perspective Since 1845 1999

    A widely cited World Gold Council study tracing the history of official central-bank gold reserves from the mid-19th century, a standard reference on reserve trends.

Gold Investing & Strategy

  • Baur, Dirk G. and Brian Lucey Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven: an Analysis of Stocks, Bond and Gold 2010

    A widely cited empirical study that formalized the distinction between gold acting as a hedge versus a safe haven for stocks and bonds.

  • Browne, Harry Fail-Safe Investing. Lifelong Financial Security in 30 Minutes 2001

    Browne's concise statement of the Permanent Portfolio strategy, which allocates equally to stocks, bonds, cash, and gold for stability across economic conditions.

  • Jastram, Roy W. The Golden Constant: The English and American Experience, 1560-1976 1977

    The classic empirical study of gold's purchasing power over four centuries, originating the 'golden constant' thesis that gold tends to retain real value over the very long run.

  • Taleb, Nassim Nicholas The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable 2007

    Taleb's influential treatise on the outsized impact of rare, unpredictable events and the limits of risk modeling in financial markets.

Economic & Financial History

  • Ahamed, Liaquat Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World 2009

    Pulitzer Prize-winning history of the central bankers whose decisions over the gold standard helped precipitate the Great Depression.

  • Bagehot, Walter The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot. Volume 9: Lombard Street 1978

    Bagehot's Lombard Street (1873) is the classic account of how a central bank should act as lender of last resort, foundational to central-banking and monetary thought.

  • Bernanke, Ben S. Essays on the Great Depression 2000

    A collected volume of Bernanke's influential research on the causes and propagation of the Great Depression, including the role of the gold standard in transmitting the slump internationally.

  • Bernanke, Ben S. Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression 1983

    A landmark paper arguing that the breakdown of credit intermediation, not just monetary contraction, deepened and prolonged the Great Depression.

  • Bernstein, Peter L. Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk 1996

    A bestselling history of the development of probability and risk management, foundational for understanding modern investment and financial decision-making.

  • Cagan, Philip The Monetary Dynamics of Hyperinflation 1956

    Cagan's landmark study of seven hyperinflations established the empirical model of money demand under rapid inflation that remains a cornerstone of monetary economics.

  • Chernow, Ron The House of Morgan 1990

    A Pulitzer-winning history of the J.P. Morgan banking dynasty and its central role in modern finance.

  • Friedman, Milton Capitalism and Freedom 1962

    Friedman's influential statement of free-market liberalism, arguing for the role of competitive capitalism in securing economic and political freedom.

  • Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace

    Keynes's 1919 polemic warning that the Versailles reparations would destabilize the European economy, a landmark of 20th-century economic thought.

  • Kindleberger, Charles. Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, 3rd edition 1996

    The standard historical survey of speculative bubbles and financial crises, a touchstone for understanding recurring patterns of boom and bust.

  • Mackay, Charles Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds

    The classic 1841 study of financial manias and crowd psychology, including the Mississippi Scheme, South Sea Bubble, and tulip mania.

  • Mill, John Stuart Principles of Political Economy

    Mill's 1848 treatise was the dominant English-language economics textbook for decades and a landmark synthesis of classical political economy.

  • Phelps Brown, E. H., and S. V. Hopkins Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables, Compared with Builders' Wage-Rates 1956

    The classic seven-century price-and-wage series that underpins long-run inflation and real-value studies of the English economy.

  • Reinhart, Carmen M. and Kenneth Rogoff This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly 2009

    A sweeping quantitative history of financial crises across eight centuries that became a standard reference on sovereign defaults and banking panics.

  • Ricardo, David Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

    Ricardo's 1817 treatise that systematized classical economics, including the labor theory of value and the theory of comparative advantage.

  • Smith, Adam The Wealth of Nations 1991

    Adam Smith's 1776 founding work of classical economics, which established the framework for modern thinking on markets, the division of labour, and money.

  • Temin, Peter Lessons from the Great Depression 1989

    A widely cited analysis arguing that the gold standard transmitted and deepened the Great Depression across countries.

  • White, Andrew Dickson Fiat Money Inflation in France 1914

    A short, frequently reprinted account of the assignat hyperinflation during the French Revolution, a touchstone in hard-money and inflation literature.

  • Wicksell, Knut Interest and Prices 1898

    Wicksell's seminal treatise introducing the natural rate of interest and the cumulative process, foundational to monetary economics.

Gold in History, Trade & Culture

  • Bernstein, Peter L. The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession 2000

    A widely read narrative history tracing humanity's enduring fascination with gold from antiquity through the modern monetary era.

  • Vilar, Pierre A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920 1976

    A classic long-run economic history tracing the role of gold and money in the world economy from the late Middle Ages to the twentieth century.

The Science of Gold

  • Ashcroft, N. W., and N. D. Mermin (eds.) Solid State Physics 1976

    A standard graduate-level textbook on the physics of solids, widely used as a reference for the electronic and structural properties of metals such as gold.

  • Corti, Christopher, and Richard Holliday (Eds.) Gold: Science and Applications 2009

    A comprehensive reference handbook on the metallurgy, chemistry, and industrial applications of gold.

Austrian & Monetary Economics

  • Greenspan, Alan. Gold and Economic Freedom 1967

    Greenspan's famous 1966 essay (published in Ayn Rand's collection) defending the gold standard as a guarantor of economic freedom and a constraint on deficit spending.

  • Hülsmann, Jörg Guido. The Ethics of Money Production 2008

    Hülsmann's Austrian-school treatise arguing the moral case for commodity (gold) money and against fiat-money inflation.

  • Menger, Carl Principles of Economics 2007

    Menger's 1871 founding work of the Austrian School, which introduced marginal-utility theory and a market-origin account of money.

  • Mises, Ludwig von Human Action. A Treatise on Economics 1998

    Mises's magnum opus and the comprehensive statement of his praxeological economics, a cornerstone text of the Austrian School.

  • Mises, Ludwig von The Theory of Money and Credit 1953

    Mises's 1912 work applying marginal-utility theory to money and advancing the regression theorem and Austrian business-cycle theory.

  • Paul, Ron, and Lewis Lehrman The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission 2007

    The minority report of the 1982 U.S. Gold Commission arguing for a return to a gold standard, a key Austrian-school monetary text.

  • Rothbard, Murray N. America's Great Depression

    Rothbard's Austrian-school account of the 1929 crash and its aftermath, applying Mises's business-cycle theory to U.S. monetary policy of the 1920s–30s.

  • Rothbard, Murray N. The Case Against the Fed

    Rothbard's pointed Austrian-school critique of the Federal Reserve, arguing the central bank is an inflationary cartelizing agent.

The numbers

Live & institutional data

Every chart, calculator, and country profile is built from named, primary datasets — the World Gold Council and IMF for reserves, MeasuringWorth and the London market for prices, and government statistics for inflation and returns. No black boxes.

Reserves & central banks

Prices & long-run history

Inflation & real (inflation-adjusted) values

  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — CPI-U U.S. consumer-price inflation, used to deflate to real values from 1774.
  • UK historical price indices (Clark / RPI) British retail-price data used to extend real values back before 1774.

Asset-class returns

Regulation, tax & filings

Science, insurance & reference

Mapping & geodata

Live prices

  • Third-party spot-price APIs Live gold and silver spot, shown on an indicative basis only — never as advice.

Current affairs

Behind The Gold Lens

Our Gold Lens commentary is present-tense market analysis, so it rests on the dated public record rather than the standing literature above. We lead with the primary releases — FOMC statements, IMF and World Gold Council data, EIA energy prices and official vote records — and keep the contemporaneous reporting that first surfaced them only where it adds market reaction or analysis, labelled as such. Each is also linked inline in the relevant article.

Gold price, records & forecasts

The Federal Reserve & the Warsh transition

The 2026 US–Iran war & oil

Central-bank & official-sector demand

Investment & ETF flows

The dollar & de-dollarization

The full record

Complete bibliography

The full 289-work library, organized by field. It includes the foundational titles above plus the wider scholarship they draw on — the academic papers, monographs, and reference works that underpin the literature of gold and money. Expand a field to browse it.

Monetary History & the Gold Standard 73

The classical gold standard, Bretton Woods, and the long argument over gold as money.

  • Anderson, Richard G., Robert H. Rasche and Jeffrey Loesel A Reconstruction of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base and Reserves Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, September: 39-69, 2003.
  • Arnon, Arie Thomas Tooke: Pioneer of Monetary Theory Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.
  • Barnes, James A. Myths of the Bryan Campaign Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 34 (Dec.), pp. 367-400, 1937.
  • Barsky, Robert B. and Lawrence H. Summers Gibson's Paradox and the Gold Standard Journal of Political Economy, vol. 96, no. 3: 528-550, 1988.
  • Barsky, Robert, and Bradford DeLong Forecast Pre-World War I Inflation: The Fisher Effect and the Gold Standard Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, pp. 815-836, 1991.
  • Bayoumi, Tamim, Barry Eichengreen, and Mark Taylor (eds.) Modern Perspectives on the Gold Standard Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Bernholz, Peter Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.
  • Bernstein, Peter L. A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold 2nd edition. New York: Random House, 1968.
  • Blinder, Alan S. The Fed Plan to Revive High-Powered Money In: Wall Street Journal, 12/10/2013, 2013.
  • Bloomfield, Arthur Monetary Policy Under the Gold Standard, 1800–1914 Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1959.
  • Bonar, J. Ricardo's Ingot Plan Economic Journal, XXXIII, pp. 281-304, 1923.
  • Bordo, Michael D. and Finn E. Kydland The Gold Standard as a Rule: An Essay in Exploration Explorations in Economic History vol. 32, no. 4: 423-464, 1995.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Anna Schwartz A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1921-1931 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Barry Eichengreen The Rise and Fall of a Barbarous Relic: The Role of Gold in the International Monetary System NBER Working Paper No 6436, 1998.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Forrest Capie (eds.) Monetary Regimes in Transition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Hugh Rockoff The Gold Standard as the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 5340, 1996.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Robert McCauley Triffin: Dilemma or Myth? IMF Economic Review 67, pp.824-851, 2019.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Ronald MacDonald Violations of "Rules of the Game" and the Credibility of the Classic Gold Standard, 1890-1914 Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 6115, 1997.
  • Bordo, Michael, and Tamim Bayoumi Getting Pegged: Comparing the 1879 and 1925 Gold Resumptions Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 5497, 1999.
  • Bordo, Michael, Ehsan Choudri, and Anna Schwartz Was Expansionary Monetary Policy Feasible During the Great Contraction? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 7125, 1999.
  • Bryan, William Jennings The First Battle Chicago: W. B. Conkey, 1896.
  • Bullock, Charles Jesse Essays on the Monetary History of the United States New York: Greenwood Press, 1900.
  • Burns, Arthur R. Money and Monetary Policy in Early Times New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927.
  • Cannan, Edwin (ed.) The Paper Pound of 1797-1821 Reprinted in 1969 by Augustus Kelley New York (Contains a reprint of the Bullion Committee Report), 1969.
  • Carnegie, Andrew The A B C of Money North American Review, vol. 152, p. 723, 1891.
  • Challis, Christopher The Tudor Coinage Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978.
  • Challis, Christopher (ed.) A New History of the Royal Mint Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Chandler, Lester V. American Monetary Policy: 1928-1941 New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
  • Clapham, Sir John The Bank of England 2 volumes, 1944.
  • Coombs, Charles A. The Arena of International Finance New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976.
  • Cooper, Richard N. et al. The Gold Standard: Historical Facts and Future Prospects Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Vol 1982, No 1, 1982.
  • Davies, Glyn A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1995.
  • Duncan, Richard The Dollar Crisis: Causes, Consequences, Cures Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2003.
  • Eichengreen, Barry Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
  • Eichengreen, Barry Golden Fetters New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Eichengreen, Barry The Bank of France and the Sterilization of Gold Explorations in Economic History, 23, pp. 56-84, 1986.
  • Eichengreen, Barry and Ian McLean The Supply of Gold under the Pre-1914 Gold Standard Economic History Review, 47, 1994.
  • Feaveryear, A. The Pound Sterling Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.
  • Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 Princeton: National Bureau of Economic Research and Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Galbraith, John Kenneth Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1975.
  • Gavin, Francis J. Gold, Dollars & Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations 1958–1971 Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
  • Godfrey, Michael. A Short Account of the Bank of England
  • Gould, John D. The Great Debasement Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.
  • Griffin, G. Edward. The Creature from Jekyll Island
  • Holzbauer, Georg. Barzahlung und Zahlungsmittelversorgung in militärisch besetzten Gebieten Jena: Fischer, 1939.
  • Homer, Francis. The Price of Gold reprinted 1903, Jacob Hollander, ed., 1809.
  • Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. The Monetary History of America to 1789: A Historiographical Essay Journal of Libertarian Studies 2 (Winter 1978): 373-389, 1978.
  • Jastram, Roy W., and Jill Leyland The Golden Constant: The English and American Experience 1560-2007 Edward Elgar (Original Copyright 1977 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Reprinted with additional material, Copyright World Gold Council, 2009), 2009.
  • Jevons, W. Stanley. Money and the Mechanism of Exchange New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1876.
  • Keynes, John Maynard. A Tract on Monetary Reform London: Macmillan, 1923.
  • Larouche, Lyndon. An Urgent Return to the American System. letter, January 8, 1982, in Report to the Congress of the Commission on the Role of Gold in the Domestic and International Monetary Systems, 1982.
  • Laughlin, J. Laurence. Gold and Prices, 1890-1907. Journal of Political Economy, 1909.
  • Laughlin, J. Laurence. The History of Bimetallism in the United States, 4th ed New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1901.
  • Ledbetter, James One Nation Under Gold: How One Precious Metal Has Dominated the American Imagination for Four Centuries Liveright.
  • Lewis, Nathan Gold The Once and Future Money John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
  • Matusow, Allen Nixon's Economy: Booms, Busts, Dollars and Votes Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.
  • Meltzer, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1, 1913–1951 Chicago: University of Chicago, 2003.
  • Mitchell, Wesley Clair A History of the Greenbacks Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903.
  • Moreau, Emile The Golden Franc; Memoirs of a Governor of the Bank of France trans. Stephen D. Stoller and Trevor C. Roberts. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.
  • Nussbaum, Arthur A History of the Dollar Columbia University Press, New York, 1957.
  • Officer, Lawrence Monetary Standards in History London: Routledge, 1996.
  • Rey, Helene Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence In Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Global Dimensions of Monetary Policy, Jackson Hole: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pp.285-333, 2013.
  • Ricardo, David The High Price of Bullion and the Depreciation of Banknotes In: Economic Essays by David Ricardo, E.C.K. Goner (ed.). London: G Bell & Sons, 1811.
  • Robertson, Dennis H. Money New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1929.
  • Rockoff, Hugh The Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory Journal of Political Economy 98 (August), pp. 739-760.
  • Rueff, Jacques The Monetary Sin of the West New York: Macmillan, 1972.
  • Schwartz, Anna A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1921-1931 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Skousen, Mark Economics of a Pure Gold Standard Irvington-on-Hudson: The Foundation for Economic Education, 1977.
  • Steil, Benn The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
  • Timberlake, Richard Constitutional Money: A Review of the Supreme Court's Monetary Decisions New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Triffin, Robert Gold and the Dollar Crisis New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960.
  • Weil, Gordon, and Ian Davidson The Gold War: The Story of the Monetary Crisis New York: Holt Rinehart, 1970.
  • Wijnholds, Onno de Beaufort Gold, the Dollar and Watergate New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Central Banks, Reserves & the Dollar 8

Official reserves, central-bank gold policy, and the dollar-centred monetary order.

  • Aizenman, Joshua and Kenta Inoue Central Banks and Gold Puzzles Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 28, pp.69-90, 2013.
  • Arslanalp, Serkan, Barry Eichengreen and Chima Simpson-Bell The Stealth Erosion of Dollar Dominance: Active Diversifiers and the Rise of Nontraditional Reserve Currencies Journal of International Economics (forthcoming), 2022.
  • Arslanalp, Serkan, Barry Eichengreen, and Chima Simpson-Bell Gold as International Reserves: A Barbarous Relic No More? IMF Working Papers, 2023.
  • Chandler, Lester V. Benjamin Strong: Central Banker Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1958.
  • Chinn, Menzie and Jeffrey Frankel Will the Euro Eventually Surpass the Dollar as Leading International Reserve Currency? In: Richard Clarida ed., G7 Current Account Balances: Sustainability and Adjustment, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.283-338, 2007.
  • Chinn, Menzie, Hiro Ito and Robert McCauley Do Central Banks Rebalance Their Currency Shares? Journal of International Money and Finance 122, 102557, 2022.
  • Green, Timothy. Central Bank Gold Reserves: An Historical Perspective Since 1845 World Gold Council, Research Study No. 23, 1999.
  • Monnet, E. and D. Puy Do old habits die hard? Central banks and the Bretton Woods gold puzzle Journal of International Economics, vol 127, 103394, 2020.
Gold Investing & Strategy 28

Portfolio allocation, the safe-haven and inflation-hedge literature, and practical investing.

  • Ash, Adrian The Golden Constant 2009.
  • Asness, Clifford S. An Old Friend: The Stock Market's Shiller P/E AQR working paper, 2012.
  • Asness, Clifford S. Fight the Fed Model Journal of Portfolio Management, vol. 30, no. 1: 11-24, 2003.
  • Barro, Robert J. and Sanjay P. Misra Gold Returns Working paper 18759, National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA, 2013.
  • Baur, Dirk G. and Brian Lucey Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven: an Analysis of Stocks, Bond and Gold Financial Review vol. 45, no. 2: 217-229, 2010.
  • Browne, Harry Fail-Safe Investing. Lifelong Financial Security in 30 Minutes New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2001.
  • Browne, Harry How You Can Profit from the Coming Devaluation New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1970.
  • Burdekin, Richard and Ran Tao The Golden Hedge: From Global Financial Crisis to Global Pandemic Economic Modeling 95, pp.170-180, 2021.
  • Capie, Forrest, Terrance Mills and Geoffrey Wood Gold as a Hedge Against the Dollar Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 15, pp.343-352, 2005.
  • Durrett, Don How to Invest in Gold & Silver
  • Faber, Mark Tomorrow's Gold: Asia's Age of Discovery CLSA, 2002.
  • Gibbons, Jim The Golden Rule: Safe Strategies of Sage Investors John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
  • Jastram, Roy W. The Golden Constant: The English and American Experience, 1560-1976 New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977.
  • Katz, John, and Frank Holmes The Goldwatcher: Demystifying Gold Investing John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.
  • Kosares, Michael J. The ABCs of Gold Investing: How to Protect and Build Your Wealth with Gold
  • Leeb, Stephen. The Coming Economic Collapse
  • Michaud, Richard, Robert Michaud, and Katharine Pulvermacher Gold as a Strategic Asset London: World Gold Council, 2006.
  • Reboredo, J C. Is gold a safe haven or a hedge for the US dollar? Implications for risk management Journal of Banking and Finance 37, pp 2665-2676, 2013.
  • Rickards, James The New Case for Gold
  • Rogers, Jim Street Smarts: Adventures on the Road and in the Markets New York: Crown Business, 2013.
  • Rowland, Craig, and J.M. Lawson The Permanent Portfolio: Harry Browne's Long-Term Investment Strategy Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
  • Schiff, Peter Crash Proof
  • Soros, George The Alchemy of Finance: Reading the Mind of the Market John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
  • Stöferle, Ronald, Mark J. Valek In Gold we Trust, Report 2013 2013.
  • Sutton, Antony The War On Gold. How To Profit From the Gold Crisis Self-Counsel Press, 1979.
  • Taleb, Nassim Nicholas Fooled by Randomness. The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets New York: Random House, 2001.
  • Taleb, Nassim Nicholas The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable London: Allen Lane/Penguin Books, 2007.
  • Turk, James, and John Rubino The Coming Collapse of the Dollar
Economic & Financial History 87

Crises, depressions, inflations, and the people and institutions behind them.

  • Ahamed, Liaquat Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World The Penguin Press (Penguin Group), 2009.
  • Allen, Frederick L. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties New York: Harper and Row, 1931.
  • Allen, Frederick L. The Lords of Creation New York: Harper and Brothers, 1935.
  • Allen, Robert S. Washington Merry-Go-Round New York: Horace Liveright, 1931.
  • Angell, Norman The Great Illusion New York: G. P. Putnam, 1912.
  • Ashman, Charles Connally: The Adventures of Big Bad John New York: William Morrow, 1974.
  • Auld, George P. The Dawes Plan and the New Economics Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1927.
  • Bacevich, Andrew J. Family Matters: American Civilian and Military Elites in the Progressive Era Armed Forces and Society 8: 405-418, 1982.
  • Bagehot, Walter The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot. Volume 9: Lombard Street Edited by Norman St. John-Stevas, London: The Economist, 1978.
  • Bainton, Roland The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Boston: Beacon Press, 1952.
  • Balderston, Theo Economics and Politics in the Weimar Republic Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Balderston, Theo The beginnings of the depression in Germany: investment and the capital market Economic History Review 36: 395-415, 1983.
  • Balderston, Theo The Origins and Course of the German Economic Crisis: November 1923 to May 1932 Berlin: Halder and Spener, 1993.
  • Balderston, Theo War Finance and Inflation in Britain and Germany, 1914-1918 Economic History Review 42: 222-244, 1989.
  • Bardach, John E. Harvest of the Sea New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
  • Bauer, Peter T. From Subsistence to Exchange and Other Essays Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
  • Beard, Charles A. Contemporary American History, 1877–1913 New York: Macmillan, 1914.
  • Bell, Clive Old Friends: Personal Recollections New York: Harcourt Brace, 1957.
  • Bernanke, Ben S. Essays on the Great Depression Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000.
  • Bernanke, Ben S. Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression The American Economic Review 73: 3, 1983.
  • Bernstein, Peter L. Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  • Bierman, Harold The Causes of the 1929 Stock Market Crash Westport, Connecticut: Glenwood Press, 1998.
  • Bierman, Harold The Great Myths of 1929 and the Lessons to Be Learned Westport, Connecticut: Glenwood Press, 1991.
  • Bonner, William and Addison Wiggin Empire of Debt: The Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006.
  • Boyle, Andrew Montagu Norman: A Biography London: Cassell, 1967.
  • Brace, Harrison H. Gold Production and Future Prices: An inquiry into the Increased Production of Gold and Other Causes of Price Changes with a View to Determining the Future of Prices New York: The Bankers Publishing Co, 1910.
  • Braudel, F, and F Spooner Prices in Europe from 1450 to 1570 In: Rich and Wilson, 1967.
  • Cagan, Philip The Monetary Dynamics of Hyperinflation In: Milton Friedman (Editor), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.
  • Caldara, Dario and Matteo Iacoviello Measuring Geopolitical Risk American Economic Review 112, pp. 1194-1225, 2022.
  • Chambers, R. E., and T. H. B. Young The New York Money Market New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.
  • Chernow, Ron The House of Morgan New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990.
  • Cipolla, Carlo Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700 3rd edition. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Clapham, Sir John An Economic History of Modern Britain 3 volumes, 1951.
  • Clay, Henry Lord Norman London: Macmillan and Co., 1957.
  • Crosby, Alfred W. The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250-1600 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Das, Satyajit Traders, Guns & Money: Knowns and Unknowns in the Dazzling World of Derivatives London: Prentice Hall/Financial Times, 2006.
  • Dawes, Charles A Journal of Reparations London: Macmillan and Co., 1939.
  • Day, John Medieval Market Economy Oxford: Blackwell, 1987.
  • Dewey, Davis Rich Financial History of the United States New York: Longmans, Green, 1903.
  • Diamond, Jared Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive London: Penguin Books, 2005.
  • Dichter, Thomas A Second Look at Microfinance. The Sequence of Growth and Credit in Economic History Development Policy Briefing Paper. Washington DC: Cato Institute, 02/15/2007, 2007.
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  • Emran, M. Shahe, A. K. M. Mahbub Morshed, Joseph E. Stiglitz Microfinance and Missing Markets SSRN Working Paper, 2007.
  • Ferguson, Niall The Cash Nexus: Money & Power in the Modern World 1700–2000 London: Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, 2001.
  • Ferguson, Niall The Pity of War Basic Books, New York, 1990.
  • Fisher, Irving The Money Illusion New York: Adelphi Company, 1928.
  • Friedman, Milton Capitalism and Freedom Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1962.
  • Friedman, Thomas L. The World is Flat. A Brief History of the Twenty First Century New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005.
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  • Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace
  • Kindleberger, Charles. Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, 3rd edition New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1996.
  • Kynaston, David. The City of London: Illusions of Gold 1914-1945 London: Chatto and Windus, 1999.
  • Mackay, Charles Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds
  • Mataja, Victor Die Reklame. Eine Untersuchung über Ankündigungswesen und Werbetätigkeit im Geschäftsleben München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1916.
  • Middleton, Roger Towards the Managed Economy: Keynes, the Treasury, and the Fiscal Policy Debate of the 1930s Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1985.
  • Mill, John Stuart An Article read before the Manchester Statistical Society in December 11, 1867, on Credit Cycles and the Origin of Commercial Panics In: Financial crises and periods of industrial and commercial depression, T. E. Burton (pub.). New York-London: D. Appleton & Co., 1931.
  • Mill, John Stuart Principles of Political Economy
  • Niskanen, William Reaganomics: An Insider's Account of the Policies and the People Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989.
  • Phelps Brown, E. H., and S. V. Hopkins Seven Centuries of the Prices of Consumables, Compared with Builders' Wage-Rates Economica, 1956.
  • Reinhart, Carmen M. and Kenneth Rogoff This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • Ricardo, David Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
  • Rogers, Thorold The First Nine Years of the Bank of England
  • Say, Jean-Baptiste A Treatise on Political Economy, or the Production, Distribution and Consumption of Wealth
  • Schuker, Stephen A. The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1976.
  • Scott, William R. The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 1972.
  • Seibel, Hans Dieter Does History Matter? The Old and the New World of Microfinance in Europe and Asia Working Paper, Development Research Center (University of Cologne), 2005.
  • Sherman, John Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet: An Autobiography Chicago: Werner, 1895.
  • Simmons, Matthew R. Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2006.
  • Skidelsky, Robert John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920 London: Macmillan and Co., 1983.
  • Smith, Adam The Wealth of Nations Amherst, NY: Prometheus Press, 1991.
  • Swanberg, W. A. Jim Fisk: The Career of an Improbable Rascal New York: Scribner's, 1959.
  • Temin, Peter Lessons from the Great Depression Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1989.
  • Temin, Peter The Jacksonian Economy New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.
  • Thorp, Willard Business Annals National Bureau of Economic Research, 1926.
  • Tracy, James D. (ed.) The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1550-1750 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  • Wanniski, Jude The Way the World Works
  • Watson, Andrew M. Back to Gold—and Silver Economic History Review, 2nd series, 20, pp. 1-34, 1967.
  • Weiss, Roger W. The Issue of Paper Money in the American Colonies, 1720-1774 Journal of Economic History 30 (December 1970): 770-784, 1970.
  • White, Andrew Dickson Fiat Money Inflation in France 1914.
  • Wicksell, Knut Interest and Prices New York: Sentra Press, 1898.
Gold in History, Trade & Culture 24

Gold across civilisations — trade routes, the rushes, mining, myth and meaning.

  • Yaa Asantewaa In: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, 2008.
  • Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Atwell, Artur American Bullion in the European World Trade, 1600-1800 Goteborg: Kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-Samhallet, 1962.
  • Austen, Ralph A. Marginalization, Stagnation, and Growth: The Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade in the Era of European Expansion, 1500-1900 In: Tracy, 1990, 1990.
  • Barton, Philipp The Dawn of Gold [Forthcoming].
  • Bernstein, Peter L. The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
  • Bovill, E. W. The Golden Trade of the Moors London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
  • Brands, H. W. The Age of Gold New York: Doubleday, 2002.
  • Caughey, John Walton The California Gold Rush and the American Nation Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948.
  • Crone, G R. The Voyages of Cadamosto and Other Documents on Western Africa in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century London: Hakluyt Society, 1937.
  • Day, John The Great Bullion Famine of the Fifteenth Century Past and Present, 79 (May), pp. 3-54, 1978.
  • Emmerich, Andre Sweat on the Sun and Tears of the Moon: Gold and Silver in Precolombian Art Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1965.
  • Frimmel, H. E., D. I. Groves, et al. The Formation and Preservation of the Witwatersrand Goldfields, the World's Largest Gold Province In: Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary volume, 769–97, 2005.
  • Green, Timothy. The New World of Gold Walker and Company, New York, 1984.
  • Green, Timothy. The World of Gold Rosendale Press, London, 1993.
  • Hart, Matthew Gold: The Race for the World's Most Seductive Metal Simon & Schuster, 2013.
  • Lao Tzu. Tao te Ching translated by Ursula K. LeGuin. Shambhala Publications, 1998.
  • Malmesbury, William (of) Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Earliest Period to the Reign of King Stephen London: Henry G. Bohn, 1847.
  • Marx, Jenifer The Magic of Gold New York: Doubleday, 1978.
  • Sutherland, C H V. Gold: Its Beauty, Power, and Allure London: Thames & Hudson, 1959.
  • Vicker, Ray The Realms of Gold London: Robert Hale, 1975.
  • Vilar, Pierre A History of Gold and Money, 1450-1920 London: New Left Books, 1976.
  • Wheatcroft, Geoffrey The Randlords London: Atheneum, 1985.
  • Xenophon On Revenues Project Gutenberg.
The Science of Gold 28

Metallurgy, chemistry, and the industrial and decorative uses of the metal.

  • Ashcroft, N. W., and N. D. Mermin (eds.) Solid State Physics Harcourt College Publishers, New York, 1976.
  • Boyer, H. E., and T. L. Gall (eds.) Metals Handbook. Desk Edition American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1985.
  • Corti, Christopher, and Richard Holliday (Eds.) Gold: Science and Applications CRC Press, 2009.
  • Effenberg, G., and S. Ilyenko (eds.) Ternary Alloy Systems, Subvolume B: Noble Metal Systems Landolt-Börnstein New Series Group IV Volume 11, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2006.
  • Faulk, W. P., and G. Taylor An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope Immunochemistry, 8, 1081, 1971.
  • Ferro, R., A. Saccone, D. Macciò, and S. Delfino A survey of gold intermetallic chemistry Gold Bulletin, 36(2), 39, 2003.
  • Gimeno, M. C., and A. Laguna. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II, From Biology to Nanotechnology Elsevier, 6, 911, 2003.
  • Glomm, W. R. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for applications in bionanotechnology J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 26, 389, 2005.
  • Grimwade, M. F. Handbook on Soldering and Other Joining Techniques London: World Gold Council, 2002.
  • Hunt, L. B. Gold in the pottery industry. The history and technology of gilding processes. Gold Bull., 1979.
  • Hutchings, G. J., M. Brust, and H. Schmidbaur. Gold—an introductory perspective. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2008.
  • Landgraf, G. Gold in Decoration of Glass and Ceramics. In: Gold, Progress in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, ed. H. Schmidbauer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
  • Love, J. C., L. A. Estroff, J. K. Kriebel, R. G. Nuzzo, and G. M. Whitesides. Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology. Chem. Rev., 2005.
  • Maier, S. A. (ed.). Plasmonics. Fundamentals and Applications Springer, New York, 2007.
  • Okamoto, H., and T. B. Massalski (eds.) Phase Diagrams of Binary Gold Alloys ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1987.
  • Ott, D. Handbook on Casting and Other Defects London: World Gold Council, 1997.
  • Papazian, A. N. Liquid golds: The products and their applications Gold Bull., 15(3), 81, 1982.
  • Pourbaix, M. Atlas d'equilibres electrochimiques Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1963; English translation: Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966, 1963.
  • Prince, A., G. V. Raynor, and D. S. Evans Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys The Institute of Metals, London, 1990.
  • Puddephatt, R. J. The Chemistry of Gold Elsevier, 1978.
  • Raub, E. Die Edelmetalle und ihre Legierungen Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1946.
  • Safranek, William H. Gold and Gold Alloys, in Properties of Electrodeposited Metals and Alloys Elsevier; American Electroplaters & Surface Finishers S; 2nd Edition, 1974.
  • Schmidbaur, H. (ed.) Gold Progress in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology Elsevier, 1999.
  • Schmidbaur, H., and A. Schier Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III Elsevier, 2007.
  • Thompson, David T. Gold in Dentistry, Alloys, Uses and Performance 36(3), 93, 2003.
  • Tylecote, R. F. The Solid Phase Welding of Metals Edward Arnold, 1968.
  • Westbrook, J. H., and R.L. Fleischer (ed.) Intermetallic compounds: Principles and Practice John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wise, E. M. Palladium Recovery, Properties and Uses Academic Press, New York, 1968.
Austrian & Monetary Economics 29

Mises, Rothbard, Menger and the Austrian-school account of money and credit.

  • Anderson, William L. New Economy, Old Delusion In: The Free Market. The Mises Institute Monthly, Vol. 18, 2000.
  • Baader, Roland Ozeane aus Scheingeld In: Smart Investor, Nr. 8/2010, pp. 26-29, 2010.
  • Boétie, Etienne de la The Politics of Obedience – The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude Auburn, Alabama: The Mises Institute, 1975 (1548).
  • Fekete, Antal Whither Gold? Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada, 1996.
  • Fetter, Frank A. The Principles of Economics 3rd ed., New York, 1913.
  • Garrison, Roger W. Time and Money – The Macroeconomics of Capital Structure London/New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Greenspan, Alan. Gold and Economic Freedom New York, 1967.
  • Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. Economic Science and the Austrian Method Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1995.
  • Hülsmann, Jörg Guido. The Ethics of Money Production Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008.
  • Kirzner, Israel M. The Driving Force of the Market. Essays in Austrian economics London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Lachmann, Ludwig M. Capital and Its Structure Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1978.
  • Leithner, Chris. Ludwig von Mises, Meet Benjamin Graham: Value Investing from an Austrian Point of View
  • Menger, Carl Geld In: Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, 3rd ed., Jena, vol. 4, 1909.
  • Menger, Carl Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics New York/London: New York University Press, 1985.
  • Menger, Carl Principles of Economics Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007.
  • Mises, Ludwig von Human Action. A Treatise on Economics Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998.
  • Mises, Ludwig von Liberalism – In the Classical Tradition New York: Foundation for Economic Education, 1985.
  • Mises, Ludwig von Socialism – An Economic and Sociological Analysis New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951.
  • Mises, Ludwig von The Theory of Money and Credit New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.
  • Paul, Ron, and Lewis Lehrman The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission The Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 2007.
  • Rothbard, Murray N. America's Great Depression
  • Rothbard, Murray N. Austrian Definitions of the Supply of Money In: New Directions in Austrian Economics. Louis M. Spadaro (Pub.). Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1978.
  • Rothbard, Murray N. Conceived in Liberty, Vol. II, Salutary Neglect, The American Colonies in the First Half of the 18th Century New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1975.
  • Rothbard, Murray N. The Case Against the Fed
  • Rothbard, Murray N. The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar
  • Spitznagel, Mark The Dao of Capital: Austrian Investing in a Distorted World New Jersey: Wiley, 2013.
  • Taghizadegan, Rahim, Ronald P. Stöferle, and Mark J. Valek Austrian School for Investors
  • Thornton, Mark Housing: Too Good to Be True In: Mises Daily, 2004.
  • von Wieser, Friedrich Natural Value London: Macmillan, 1893.
Reference, Data & Statistics 12

Statistical series, yearbooks, encyclopaedias and handbooks of primary data.

  • Der große Herder Freiburg/Br.: Herder Verlagsbuchhandlung, Bd. 6, 1933.
  • Minerals Yearbook 1966 U.S. Bureau of Mines.
  • Beveridge (Lord) and associates Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Centuries, Vol. 1 1939.
  • CPM Group The CPM Gold Yearbook 2008 2008.
  • CPM Group The CPM Silver Yearbook 2008 2008.
  • GFMS Ltd. Gold Survey 2008 London, 2008.
  • Green, Timothy. The Gold Companion Rosendale Press, City, 1991.
  • International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights 2007.
  • International Monetary Fund. International Financial Statistics
  • Lide, D. R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Taylor & Francis, London, 2008.
  • Mitchell, B.R. British Historical Statistics (and 3 volumes of International Historical Statistics)
  • U.S. Department of Commerce Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 series X 245-254, 1961.

A living document — we add to it as our coverage deepens. Some older entries are recorded exactly as cited in the source works, which is why a few carry incomplete publication details. Found an error or a source we should add? Tell us.

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